Filioque
- S15.1 Split: from the Father through the Son (East; the 381 creed) vs. from the Father principally and the Son (Augustine); creed insertion of filioque is later (medium)
From the study it came from: Agree on the Trinity; on the filioque Scripture's wording matches the Eastern formula.
Two separate measures, shown side by side; neither is combined with the other (confidence-weighted, out of 4; counts show how many of this doctrine's 1 questions each rests on). This doctrine is second-order (tier weight 2). How scoring works · Scripture and tradition · Glossary · Every score with its citation
Closeness to Scripture
Closeness to the fathers
Charts: closeness to the fathers by question, and timeline
- c. 380 Gregory Nazianzen S15.1 · fathers varied
- c. 381 Constantinople I S15.1 · fathers varied
- c. 415 Augustine S15.1 · fathers varied
- c. 415 Augustine S15.1 · fathers varied
- c. 730 John of Damascus S15.1 · fathers varied
- 1439 Council of Florence Catholic
- 1646 Westminster Confession Presbyterian
- 1672 Confession of Dositheus Orthodox
S15 · Filioque
The procession of the Holy Spirit.
Tier: Second-order (scoring weight 2). How the tiers were set: theological triage. Site structure: structure.
Questions
- S15.1 Procession of the Spirit (was
trinity/T2)
Verdicts and trace
S15.1 · Procession of the Spirit
| Question | Verdict | Confidence | Reasoning | Key sources | Scripture (benchmark) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S15.1 | Split: from the Father through the Son (East; the 381 creed) vs. from the Father principally and the Son (Augustine); creed insertion of filioque is later | Medium | S15.1.1 · S15.1.3 weighing | constantinople-i-tri-s1 · gregory-nazianzen-tri-s1 · augustine-tri-s1 · augustine-tri-s2 · john-of-damascus-tri-s1 | S15.1.4: medium |
Post-750 development
Which of this doctrine’s questions each tradition stays closest to, or departs from. Each row links to the tradition’s notes.
| Tradition | Closest to the fathers on | Departs or sharpens on |
|---|---|---|
| Catholic | S15.1 | partly S15.1 |
| Orthodox | partly S15.1 | — |
| Oriental Orthodox | partly S15.1 | — |
| Lutheran | S15.1 | partly S15.1 |
| Anglican | S15.1 | partly S15.1 |
| Presbyterian | S15.1 | partly S15.1 |
| Reformed Baptist | S15.1 | partly S15.1 |
| General Baptist | S15.1 | partly S15.1 |
| Anabaptist | — | — |
Origin
Plan, overall verdict and verification status of the former trinity category (shared with the other doctrines that came from it)
The Trinity and the filioque
Method and conventions: docs/conventions.md. Reasoning: trinity reasoning. Traditions’ sources: confessional sources.
1. Plan
Questions: T1 one God in three co-equal, consubstantial persons; T2 the procession of the Holy Spirit (from the Father, through the Son, or ‘and the Son’). Scripture: Matt 28:19; John 1:1; 10:30; 14:16, 26; 15:26; 16:7, 14–15; Gal 4:6; 2 Cor 13:14. Fathers: Ignatius, Ephesians 7; Tertullian, Against Praxeas 2; Nicaea (325); the Creed of Constantinople (381); Gregory Nazianzen, Oration 31; Augustine, On the Trinity XV.26; John of Damascus, Exact Exposition I.8. Later: Toledo (589), the Photian controversy, Florence (1439), Nerses Shnorhali.
2. Verdicts and trace
Weighed under the source-proximity principle: Scripture first, then the father tiers T1–T4.
3. Post-750 development
4. Overall verdict
T1: universal consensus, Scripture-grounded; all nine agree. T2: Scripture states procession from the Father; the fathers split East/West, and the creed’s 381 text lacks filioque. On T2 the Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox fit Scripture best; Western traditions follow Augustine’s strand.
5. Verification status
Florence, Toledo, Dositheus, AC I, WCF II.3 and the Orthodox Creed’s trinitarian article are cited from standard editions, not rechecked here (Art. V and 1689 2.3 standard; Art. I/V text available in the cached Articles).