Spiritual gifts
- T12.1 Split: gifts reported in Era II (Irenaeus); said to have ceased by Era III (Chrysostom) (medium)
- T12.2 Tongues as languages (Acts 2; Irenaeus V.6.1) (medium)
Two separate measures, shown side by side; neither is combined with the other (confidence-weighted, out of 4; counts show how many of this doctrine's 2 questions each rests on; ⚠ marks coverage more than 10 points below the median, a less certain rank). This doctrine is third-order (tier weight 1). How scoring works · Scripture and tradition · Glossary · Every score with its citation
Closeness to Scripture
Closeness to the fathers
Charts: closeness to the fathers by question, and timeline
- c. 180 Irenaeus T12.1 · fathers varied
- c. 180 Irenaeus T12.1 · fathers varied
- c. 180 Irenaeus T12.1 · fathers varied
- c. 180 Irenaeus T12.2
- c. 395 Chrysostom T12.1 · fathers varied
- 1646 Westminster Confession Presbyterian
T12 · Spiritual gifts
Cessation or continuation.
Tier: Third-order (scoring weight 1). How the tiers were set: theological triage. Method: conventions. Traditions’ sources: confessional sources.
In short
Do gifts like prophecy and tongues continue today? Around 180 Irenaeus reported them in the church; two centuries later Chrysostom said they had ceased. Scripture says they will end ‘when the perfect comes’ but does not say when that is. The Westminster-family confessions say new revelation has ceased; most others are silent.
Plan
Question: T12.1: do the miraculous gifts (prophecy, tongues, healing) continue, or have they ceased? Scripture: 1 Cor 12–14; 13:8–10; Eph 2:20; Heb 2:3–4; Acts 2:17–18. Fathers: Irenaeus, Against Heresies II.32.4 and V.6.1; Chrysostom, Homily 29 on 1 Corinthians. Question: T12.2: Was the gift of tongues known languages?
Questions
Verdicts and trace
Weighed under the source-proximity principle: Scripture first, then the father eras I–IV.
T12.1 · Spiritual gifts: cessation or continuation
| Question | Verdict | Confidence | Reasoning | Key sources | Scripture (benchmark) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T12.1 | Split: gifts reported in Era II (Irenaeus); said to have ceased by Era III (Chrysostom) | Medium | T12.1.1 · T12.1.3 weighing | irenaeus-t12-s1 · irenaeus-t12-s2 · irenaeus-t12-s3 · chrysostom-t12-s1 | T12.1.4: low |
T12.2 · Was the gift of tongues known languages?
| Question | Verdict | Confidence | Reasoning | Key sources | Scripture (benchmark) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T12.2 | Tongues as languages (Acts 2; Irenaeus V.6.1) | Medium | T12.2.1 · T12.2.3 weighing | irenaeus-t12-s4 | T12.2.4: medium |
Post-750 development
Which of this doctrine’s questions each tradition stays closest to, or departs from. Each row links to the tradition’s notes; exact scores and bases are in the reasoning.
| Tradition | Closest to the fathers on | Departs or sharpens on |
|---|---|---|
| Catholic | partly T12.1, partly T12.2 | — |
| Orthodox | partly T12.1, partly T12.2 | — |
| Oriental Orthodox | partly T12.1, partly T12.2 | — |
| Lutheran | partly T12.1, partly T12.2 | — |
| Anglican | partly T12.1, partly T12.2 | — |
| Presbyterian | partly T12.1, partly T12.2 | — |
| Reformed Baptist | partly T12.1, partly T12.2 | — |
| General Baptist | partly T12.1, partly T12.2 | — |
| Anabaptist | partly T12.1, partly T12.2 | — |
Overall verdict
A genuinely split question: Era II continuationist reports, Era III cessationist statements; Scripture does not settle it. T12.2 has little confessional treatment.
Verification status
Most cells are by silence.